Suchen und Finden
Service
Mehr zum Inhalt
Violence against Children in Kenya - An Ecological Model of Risk Factors and Consequences, Responses and Projects
Book Cover
1
Preface
6
Acknowledgements
8
Tabel of Contents
10
List of Figures / List of Tables / List of Appendices
13
List of Acronyms
14
Introduction
15
Overview of study context
15
The nature of the study
18
Thesis structure
20
Chapter One: Violence Against Children
21
Overview
21
1.1 Childhood – The space where children happen
21
1.1.1 A short glimpse at the ‘history of childhood’
21
1.1.2 Deconstructing childhood – The sociological and the psychological perspectives
22
‘Childhood’, ‘children’ and ‘the child’
22
The changing nature of childhood
23
1.1.3 Childhood in the Western society
24
1.1.4 Childhood in Eastern Africa
25
1.1.5 The emergence of the ‘universal childhood’
27
The deficits of a universalized notion of childhood
29
1.2 The social construction of violence
30
1.2.1 Social constructionism
31
Who defines violence?
32
Definition of violence
33
1.2.2 Typologies of violence
35
History and origin of typologies of violence
35
Interpersonal violence
35
1.2.3 The nature of violence
37
Physical violence
37
Sexual violence
39
Psychological violence
41
Neglect of children
42
1.3 What is known about violence against children in Kenya
44
1.3.1 Kenya’s demographic and historical setting
45
1.3.2 Violence against children in Kenya – Empirical studies
45
The scope and methods of the reviewed studies
46
1.3.3 Emerging concerns about violence against children
50
1.3.4 Situating Kenya in the broader context of East Africa
51
Summary and definition
53
Chapter Two: The Ecological Model of Socialization
56
2.1 Defining socialization
56
2.2 The ecological model – Its roots
58
2.3 The social ecology of violence against children
60
2.3.1 Microsystem – The individual child factors
61
2.3.2 Mesosystem – The family and relationship factors
62
2.3.3 Exosystem – The community factors
64
2.3.4 Macrosystem – The societal factors
65
2.4 Applying the ecological model in researching violence
66
2.5 Implications for the research questions
68
Chapter Three: The Research Design
70
Chapter overview
70
3.1 The research design
70
3.2 The research methods – Qualitative, quantitative andmixed methods
71
3.3 The case study – Explaining and describing “how” and “why”
71
The notion, choice and limitation of case study
71
Defining the case and sampling the respondents
74
3.4 Tools and techniques for data collection
82
Interviews
82
Interview guidelines for the parents and informants
85
Components of the interview guidelines
86
Key questions – Interviewing parents and informants
86
Questions
86
Observation methods
87
Field notes
88
Focus group discussion
89
Document analysis
90
3.5 Qualitative data analysis in grounded theory
90
Coding and the coding system
91
3.6 Ethical considerations, validity, reliability and findings validations
95
Seeking informed consent and doing no harm
95
Ethical dilemmas
97
Validity and reliability
98
Validation of the data by the respondents
99
Chapter Four: The Risk Factors and the Consequences of Violence Against Children in Kenya
100
Chapter overview
100
4.1 Profiling the thirty children sampled and interviewed
101
4.2 Risk factors perpetuating violence against children
106
4.2.1 The microsystem risk factors – The individual child
107
Age as a possible risk factor
107
Mental health and special needs factors
108
Violated for being a girl
109
Violated for being an orphan
110
4.2.2 The mesosystem risk factors – The family level
111
Family conflicts and separations
111
Poor parenting
112
Children of single parents and commercial sex workers
113
The size of families
114
Living with a relative or guardian
115
4.2.3 The exosystem risk factors – The community
116
The effects of culture, beliefs and practices
116
Female genital mutilation
117
Sex with minors – ‘Cure for AIDS’
118
“It is your turn to sleep with the man” – Childhood marriages
118
Lack of income and unemployment – Relative poverty
119
4.2.4 The macrosystem risk factors – The society
121
The effects of absolute poverty
121
Excessive alcohol and drug use
122
The ‘Cinderella effect’ – Step-child vulnerability
123
The gaps in the legal systems
124
4.3 The consequences of violence against children
126
4.3.1 Microsystem consequences – The individual child
126
Lifelong health complications
126
Death of the children
127
Infection with HIV/AIDS
128
How it felt to be violated – Children and their feelings
128
4.3.2 Mesosystem consequences – The family
130
Family conflicts and separations
130
Medical costs and financial loss
130
Stigmatization of the family
132
4.3.3 Exosystem consequences – The community
132
The emergence of the informal justice negotiators – Home settlement
132
The culture of silence – ‘No witness’
133
The community acquiescent to violation of children
135
Insecurity and high crime rate
136
4.3.4 Macrosystem consequences – The society
137
Lost confidence in the judicial systems – Inability to reinforce the law
137
Cultural practices inflaming violence against children
138
Disruption of schooling and behaviour difficulties
139
High cost of justice – Tolerating corruption at the police and the judiciary
141
Chapter summary
142
Chapter Five: The Responses to Violence and Projects Preventing Violence Against Children in Kenya
144
5.1 Profiling projects preventing violence against children
144
Chapter overview
144
5.1.1 Defining programmes and projects
145
5.1.2 Definition of a project management cycle
146
5.2 Violence prevention projects
148
5.2.1 The Child Link Project Kisumu
149
5.2.2 KUAP-Pandipieri Children’s Services Project
152
5.2.3 Brydges Centre Children’s Home
156
5.2.4 Solidarity with Women in Distress – SOLWODI KENYA
159
5.2.5 Projects analysis – Emerging trends
162
Conceptualisation of the projects
163
Project planning
163
Project implementation
164
Project evaluation and termination
165
5.3 Profiling policies for violence prevention
166
5.3.1 From international laws to national policies
166
5.3.2 The concept of a policy life cycle
167
5.3.3 Stages of the policy cycle
169
STAGE I: The agenda setting
170
STAGE II: Policy formulation and decision-making
170
STAGE III: Policy implementation
171
STAGE IV: Policy evaluation and termination
171
5.4 Prevention of violence against children: Policies and strategies
172
5.4.1 Emerging trends in policy development processes
175
The agenda setting
175
Policy formulation and decision making
176
Policy implementation
176
Policy evaluation and termination
177
Section summary
177
5.5 Responses to violence against children
178
5.5.1 Responses at the microsystem level concerning the individual child
179
Children’s agency
179
Rescue – Removal from perceived violent conditions
180
Medical and psychosocial support
181
5.5.2 Responses at the mesosystem level concerning family and relationship
182
Response by parents and guardians
182
Family reunification and support
184
Inculcating appropriate parenting skills
185
5.5.3 Responses at the exosystem level concerning the community
186
The community response to violence
186
Working with communities to prevent violence
187
Legal support
188
5.5.4 Responses at the macrosystem level concerning the society
189
The society’s response
189
Advocacy and sensitization
190
Changing laws and unchanging mind-sets
191
Chapter summary
192
Chapter Six: Summary and Conclusions
194
Chapter overview
194
6.1 Summary of key findings: Risk factors and consequences
194
6.1.1 The risk factors
195
6.1.2 The consequences
198
6.2 Summary of key findings: Responses and violence prevention projects
200
6.2.1 Responses to the violation of children
200
6.2.2 Projects preventing violence against children
201
6.3 Significance and implications of the study findings
203
6.3.1 Implications for theory
203
6.3.2 Implications for practice
205
6.3.3 Implications for policy
208
6.3.4 Future research
211
6.4 Study limitations and achievements
212
References and Appendices
215
References
215
Appendices
226
Appendix I: Seeking the children’s informed consent – The process
226
Appendix II: Consent form for children’s interviews – English version
227
Appendix III: Fomu ya idhini ya watoto kushiriki katikamahojiano – Kiswahili version
228
Appendix IV: Interview guidelines for children
229
Appendix V: Observation guideline – Semi-structured
231
Appendix VI: Field notes guidelines
232
Appendix VII: Guidelines for focus group discussion
233
Appendix VIII: Information for participants and organizations
234
Appendix IX: Taarifa kwa washiriki na mashirika
235
Appendix X: Children participating in the study
236
Appendix XI: Watoto wanaoshiriki katika utafiti
237
Appendix XII: Guidelines for reporting and data validation workshops for respondents
238
Appendix XIII: Framework for documenting violence prevention projects
241
Alle Preise verstehen sich inklusive der gesetzlichen MwSt.